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The Foreign Exchange Act primarily regulates the activities of foreign exchange entities engaging in cash exchange operations (non-cash exchanges are governed by the Payment System Act). This legislation also imposes certain obligations on both residents and non-residents.
Across the globe, various companies operate within the currency exchange market, similar to other service industries. These companies range from small, independent operations to large, global brands, all of which must adhere to regulations set by the national banking authority in their respective countries.
Oversight of exchange bureaus is crucial for maintaining the stability of the financial system in the Czech Republic, ensuring its healthy and efficient development. This includes bolstering the credibility and reliability of exchange services, along with adherence to transparent exchange rate disclosures. Bureaux-de-change are also considered high-risk due to potential misuse for money laundering.
Non-credit institutions wishing to perform exchange services must be registered with the Czech National Bank. Entities previously operating under a trade or foreign exchange license were required to either cease operations or register with the CNB by February 28, 2010.
New enterprises must meet specific requirements, such as not acting as an investment company or securities firm. Brokerage licenses are exclusively issued to LLCs or JSCs, with a minimum authorized capital of 125,000 euros required for all types of firms.
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Regulations governing investment services in the Czech Republic apply to both bank and non-bank investment firms (including branches from non-EEA countries), investment intermediaries, and tied agents of investment firms and intermediaries. These rules also partially apply to branches of investment firms from EEA countries.
Investment activity licenses in the Czech Republic are issued to a variety of entities, including:
Only legal entities can obtain permission for investment activities. If an individual wishes to apply for this type of certificate, they must first register their own company and open a bank account in the Czech Republic.
Unlike non-residents, local entrepreneurs do not need to establish a new company. Certificates are issued to entities such as LLCs and JSCs. Individual entrepreneurs (IP) must consult with lawyers to change their business’s organizational form.
The cost of processing a financial activities license in the Czech Republic varies depending on the specific set of operations required for licensing in each case.
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The legislation in this area covers the European Markets Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR).
Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on OTC derivatives, central counterparties, and trade repositories came into force on 16 August 2012 and introduced requirements aimed at improving the transparency of OTC derivatives markets and reducing the risks associated with those markets.
In order to achieve this, EMIR requires that OTC derivatives meeting certain requirements are subject to the clearing obligation, and for all OTC derivatives that are not centrally cleared, risk mitigation techniques apply. In addition, all derivatives transactions need to be reported to trade repositories (TRs). Finally, EMIR establishes organizational conduct of business and prudential standards for both trade repositories (TRs) and central counterparties (CCPs).
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An investment firm is an entity primarily engaged in offering investment services.
To function as an investment firm, a license issued by Finantsinspektsioon is required.
Applying for an investment firm license: The license has no expiration date, is non-transferable, and cannot be used or acquired by another party. Licenses are granted either for specific investment services or for all investment services. Firms can only offer the investment services specified in their operating license. To offer additional services, an investment firm must apply for a supplementary license.
To obtain an operating license, a comprehensive application must be submitted to Finantsinspektsioon, including a written notification and the required annexes as stipulated in the Securities Market Act. The decision to issue or refuse a license is made by Finantsinspektsioon within two months of receiving all necessary documentation, and no later than six months from the application date.
If an Estonian-registered investment firm wishes to establish a subsidiary or branch abroad, or acquire a significant stake in a foreign investment firm making it a subsidiary, it must seek approval from Finantsinspektsioon.
Offering cross-border investment services in Estonia: Providers of cross-border investment services and their branches do not need to be registered in Estonia. Investment firms registered in the European Economic Area can begin offering cross-border investment services in Estonia after the firm’s home country securities market supervisor sends a notification and business plan to Finantsinspektsioon. Firms must notify Finantsinspektsioon and their home country’s supervisory institution of any proposed changes to the business plan in advance.
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Under Estonian law, forex broker services are considered investment services. Companies engaging in forex activities must obtain a special license from the Estonian Financial Supervision Authority (EFSA). These activities are regulated by domestic law, specifically the Securities Market Act, and the MiFID – EU directive on financial instruments in EU markets.
The EFSA issues licenses to companies that are registered in Estonia, have an address in Estonia, and conduct their main activities in Estonia. Licensed activities requiring an investment license include:
To be eligible for a license, a company must be registered with the appropriate organizational-legal form, specifically as a Limited Liability Company in Estonia.
According to the Estonian Securities Market Law, the following authorized capital requirements apply for obtaining a forex broker license:
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The Securities Commission of The Bahamas (“the Commission”) is responsible for the administration of the Securities Industry Act, 2011 (SIA, 2011) and the Investment Funds Act, 2003 (IFA, 2003), pursuant to which it supervises and regulates the activities of the investment funds, securities and capital markets. The Commission, having been appointed Inspector of Financial and Corporate Service Providers on January 1, 2008, is also responsible for administering the Financial and Corporate Service Providers Act, 2000 (FCSPA 2000).
Obligatory Requirements
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Georgia is becoming one of the most attractive forex business destinations globally because of its liberal forex business environment. Forex companies are registered and supervised by the National Bank of Georgia.
Main Features:
Legal Requirements:
Service Providers Required:
Taxation:
Duration to Set Up: Around 8 weeks.
Benefits of the Forex License:
Advantages of Working with Us:
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There are three main types of firms covered in the Financial Services Act 2019 (Act):
The design of the Act is to protect investors and safeguard market integrity by establishing a set of harmonized requirements governing the activities of authorized firms and to promote fair, transparent, efficient, and integrated financial markets.
The requirements under the Act (and underlying regulations) are relatively extensive and cover compliance arrangements, internal systems and controls, outsourcing, record-keeping, conflicts of interest, and the safeguarding of client assets or money held by firms.
Investment Firms, authorized in Gibraltar, are also required to be members of the Investor Compensation Scheme. Applicants should submit an application pack with all relevant documents.
The minimum initial and ongoing capital requirements are:
Firms who obtain permission to carry on an activity with respect to investments are required to hold a minimum initial and ongoing capital of £10,000.
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A Bureau de Change is an establishment at which customers primarily exchange foreign currency. This regulated activity allows you to offer currency exchange services as a Bureau de Change, and this permission is granted under Part 7 of the Financial Services Act.
To apply for this permission, applicants should submit an application pack along with all relevant documents. Currently, there are no specific capital requirements for bureaux de change. However, it is expected that firms hold at least three months’ worth of expenses to ensure an orderly wind-down of the firm in the event of closure.
The business plan submitted should clearly and comprehensively outline:
The Gibraltar Financial Services Commission (GFSC) will evaluate the application and seek evidence that the firm has considered and documented the risk, compliance, and operational issues associated with the proposed activities. It is important that the business plan aligns with the firm’s risk appetite and capacity.
The regulation and supervision of bureaux de change primarily aim to counter the risks of money laundering associated with this industry, thereby enhancing and protecting Gibraltar’s reputation as a leading finance center. Therefore, applicants should ensure strict adherence to anti-money laundering requirements, especially as outlined in the GFSC’s AML/CFT Guidance Notes.
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The Registration of Non-Regulated Financial Services Businesses (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law, 2008, and the Registration of Non-Regulated Financial Services Businesses (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law, 2008 (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008, came into force on 30 July 2008. The law creates a public register of non-regulated financial services businesses. Applications for registration must be made to the Commission, which will maintain the register on its website. The law states that, except in circumstances where the Commission has notice of any grounds upon which it could refuse an application for, or revoke, registration of a financial services business, the Commission has no obligation to make any inquiries concerning an application for registration or the continued registration of any non-regulated financial services business.
Type of financial services business carried out:
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Crowdfunding is the process by which individuals or businesses seek to raise money from a variety of sources other than traditional funding sources such as high street banks and building societies. Most often, those seeking investment through crowdfunding aim to reach a wide audience, including the general public and institutional investors, who collectively form the “crowd” from whom investment is sought. In this context, the person seeking funds for a project is the “investee,” and the person investing money into the project is the “investor.”
The most common method for investees to attract crowdfunding is by registering on a website or online portal known as a crowdfunding platform. Once registered, the investee’s business model or project becomes available for all users of the platform to view and decide whether we wish to invest Our funds.
In the Isle of Man, there is some overlap between loan-based crowdfunding and the Moneylenders Act 1991. Companies that lend money to individuals are required to register with the Office of Fair Trading (OFT).
The Crowdfunding handbook is produced to provide license holders with a Class 6 Permission under the Financial Services Act 2008 (those licensed by the Isle of Man Financial Services Authority) conducting equity or loan-based crowdfunding in or from the Isle of Man, as well as potential license holders and other interested parties, with easy access to the legislation and guidance related to regulated crowdfunding activities.
The primary legislation governing Crowdfunding Platforms in or from the Isle of Man is the Financial Services Act 2008.
To obtain a Class 6 license and protect investors, crowdfunding platforms must have a paid-up share capital of at least £25,000 and demonstrate tangible net resources of at least £50,000. The FSA imposes strict conditions on Class 6 license holders, including a prohibition on providing recommendations or advice without a Class 2 license, a requirement to display a prominent warning on the crowdfunding platform about the risks of crowdfunding, and conducting due diligence checks on borrowers and lenders and having written terms of business with them.
Distinctive benefits of crowdfunding in Isle of Man: The Isle of Man offers an attractive package for crowdfunding platforms to establish operations here. The Island has a world-class professional services industry, highly regulated, and the Isle of Man Government is proactive in encouraging business to flourish, including assisting non-Isle of Man businesses in moving to the Island. Frequent air and ferry links to the UK and Ireland are available, and the Isle of Man benefits from attractive personal and corporate taxation rates.
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Insurance Special Purpose Vehicles (ISPVs): In March 2015, the Isle of Man Financial Services Authority introduced regulations, supported by guidance notes, to establish a regulatory framework for transactions commonly known as Insurance Linked Securities (ILS). These transactions include Catastrophe Bonds, Mortality Bonds, Industry Loss Warranties, Sidecars, and other collateralized insurance and reinsurance structures. This framework facilitates such transactions through ISPVs, which are insurance or reinsurance companies specifically licensed by the Authority for this purpose.
Key differences between an ISPV and a conventional insurer or reinsurer include the following:
The ISPV application process is designed for fast licensing, with a target of 5 days or less from a fully completed application. Details regarding an application to be licensed as an Insurance Special Purpose Vehicle can be found in the Insurance (Special Purpose Vehicles) Regulations 2015 and the Guidance Notes for Insurance Special Purpose Vehicles (available on the FSA website).
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A license to carry on the Class 2 regulated activity of Investment business permits a business operating in or from the Isle of Man (within certain criteria and with specified exclusions) to:
Licensing Procedure: Prospective applicants are encouraged to contact officers of the Isle of Man Financial Services Authority (“the Authority”) at an early stage to discuss Our proposals for establishing and operating a licensable business in the Isle of Man. These discussions enable the Authority’s officers to give applicants any appropriate guidance where it is sought and to identify any foreseeable difficulties connected with the proposed operation. It also enables the Authority to provide guidance on which classes of regulated activity the license is required to cover and on any other matters which may be relevant.
On receipt of the application staff of the Authority will process the application. This will include a review of the application form and supporting documents such as the business plan and financial projections, and, if appropriate, discussion with other regulatory bodies. The assessment process for license applicants involves a thorough evaluation to ensure the Authority’s fitness and propriety criteria, including integrity, competence, and financial standing, are met. This evaluation will be carried out in accordance with the Authority’s Licensing Policy for Regulated Activities under the Financial Services Act 2008 (“licensing policy”).
On completion of all inquiries, the staff will make a recommendation as to whether a license should be granted and detailing any conditions that it may be appropriate to place on the license.
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Any person who carries on investment business in or from within Jersey, or holds himself out as doing so, is required to be registered under the FSJ Law. Further, a Jersey company that carries on investment business anywhere in the world, or holds itself out as doing so, is required to be registered under the FSJ Law.
The FSJ Law provides that a person carries on investment business if he:
An investment includes shares, debentures, instruments entitling to shares or securities, certificates representing securities, units in a collective investment trust, options, futures, contracts for difference, long-term insurance contracts and rights and interests in investments.
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The Central Storage of Regulated Information: In Latvia, the financial instruments market operates with a focus on regulated information. This market is governed by the Law on the Financial Instruments Market, regulatory provisions set forth by the Commission, and the specific articles of association and regulations of the market organizer.
License for Organizing Regulated Market: The regulated market organizer is a capital company responsible for organizing the regulated market and providing services related to the public circulation of financial instruments. To obtain a license for this purpose, a market organizer must submit an application to the Commission, including the required documents as outlined in Article 30 of the Law.
Minimum Paid-Up Share Capital: A key requirement for market organizers is the minimum paid-up share capital, which must amount to at least 250,000 lats.
License Approval Process: The Commission thoroughly examines the application and makes a decision regarding the granting of the license. This decision is typically made within a three-month period upon receiving all the necessary documents specified in the Law. It’s crucial that these documents are prepared and formulated in accordance with the requirements prescribed by regulatory enactments.
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The Banking Division in Liechtenstein is responsible for supervising banks and investment firms. It plays a crucial role in monitoring compliance with applicable legal norms within the financial sector. During the licensing procedure, submitted documents are thoroughly reviewed for content and completeness. Ongoing monitoring is maintained through the submission of legally required reports by banks and investment firms, as well as direct and periodic contact with Our boards of directors and management.
Auditing and Compliance Review: The Banking Supervision Section primarily relies on audit reports prepared by external auditors, acting as an extension of the Financial Market Authority (FMA). The FMA may also conduct its own audits or participate in external audits to ensure compliance.
Licensing of Banks and Investment Firms: To conduct banking business or provide investment services on a professional basis, undertakings must obtain a license issued by the FMA before commencing Our activities.
Requirements and Features:
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License for provision investment services and ancillary investment services
An investment brokerage firm (investment firm) is a capital company that provides investment services and ancillary (non-core) investment services. The investment firm shall operate pursuant to the provisions of the Law on the Financial Instruments Market, the regulatory enactments of the Commission, and its own procedures, internal policies, and regulations.
Investment firms can decide to provide one, several, or all of the following services:
To receive the license for the provision of investment services and ancillary (non-core) investment services, the investment firm shall submit to the Commission an application wherein it lists the investment services and ancillary (non-core) investment services it intends to provide and the documents referred to in Article 107 of the Law on the Financial Instruments Market (the Law).
The Commission shall examine the application of the investment firm and take a decision on granting a license within a three-month period upon the receipt of all the documents specified in the Law for taking the decision, prepared and formulated in compliance with the requirements prescribed by regulatory enactments.
The initial capital of an investment brokerage firm differs from EUR 50,000 to EUR 730,000 depending on the services the company plans to provide.
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Pursuant to Part I, Chapter 2, Section 2, Sub-section 1 of the Law of 5 April 1993 on the financial sector, the professionals of the financial sector (“PFS”) falling within the following categories are defined as investment firms:
The legal requirements that must be met and the procedure that must be followed in order to obtain an authorization as an investment firm are laid down in Articles 13 to 23 of the Law of 5 April 1993 on the financial sector (“LFS”).
Legal requirements:
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The Malta Financial Services Authority (MFSA) is responsible for supervising entities authorized under the Financial Institutions Act (Cap. 376). These entities, referred to as ‘financial institutions,’ can be categorized into two broad categories:
The Financial Institutions Act 1994 (the Act) is closely related to the Banking Act 1994 and covers institutions engaged in activities listed in the Schedule to Article 2 of the Act, but do not accept deposits from or other funds repayable to the public. The Act provides financial institutions with operational flexibility while subjecting them to continuous supervision and regulation.
Licensing Requirements: No financial institution can conduct its business without a license. The competent authority has the final say in determining whether a financial institution’s business is in compliance with regulations.
Application for a license must adhere to the format required in the Financial Institutions Directive (FID/01). Statutory license requirements include minimum own funds (capital) in Maltese Liri or an equivalent amount in foreign currency, acceptable to the competent authority or established by it.
Additional requirements include adhering to the ‘four eyes principle,’ meeting fit and proper criteria, and fulfilling close links criteria. The license application should be processed within three months, with a possible extension of up to three months for additional information, but not exceeding six months in total.
The Act outlines specific circumstances under which the competent authority could restrict, modify, or revoke a license, as well as instances where a license automatically becomes ineffective. The Act also provides procedures to be followed when the revocation of a license affects foreign regulators.
Regulatory and Investigatory Powers: The MFSA, as the competent authority under the Act, fulfills its supervisory responsibilities through its Banking Unit, both off-site and on-site. Off-site supervision involves the analysis of monthly and quarterly information filed by financial institutions, which is monitored for trends. On-site supervision includes planned and ad hoc visits to financial institutions, covering aspects like asset quality, capital adequacy, internal controls, and risk management.
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The Securities & Markets Supervision (SMS) function is responsible for supervising investment services license holders, trading venues, central securities depositories, recognized private collective investment schemes, regulation, and oversight of activities in capital markets. SMS also processes the applications for Collective Investment Schemes as well as Investment Services License Holders and handles applications for the admissibility to listing of securities on regulated markets. SMS is also responsible for markets oversight and ensuring that companies having securities listed on regulated markets comply with the respective rules.
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A financial service provider in the Netherlands offers financial products, provides advice, offers mediation services, reinsurance mediation services, or acts as an authorized agent in respect of financial products. The Dutch Authority for the Financial Markets (AFM) exercises conduct of business supervision over financial service providers.
Banks and other financial companies in the Netherlands are regulated under the Financial Supervision Act, as well as related EU Directives. Various types of financial companies can be established under the Dutch Financial Supervision Act, including investment funds, asset and fund management companies, insurance companies, and dealers and brokerage companies. Each type of Dutch financial company is subject to specific licensing requirements based on the services we provide.
The Dutch AFM and De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB) issue licenses for a range of financial activities, including providing advice on financial products, services related to collective investment schemes, management services for alternative investment companies, offering credits and loans, investment services, insurance services, and clearing activities in the form of audit companies.
Opening a Dutch financial company involves several steps, including registering the company with the Dutch Companies Register and submitting an application with a business plan to the DNB or the AFM. Once the business plan is approved, you must prepare and submit various documents, including a Declaration of No Objection, an application for a specific activity license, an application for authorization to operate in Holland, and an application for authorization to act as a payment institution if applicable. Upon receiving the license, the company is entered into the register of licensed financial institutions in the Netherlands.
Benefits of a Financial Service Provider in the Netherlands:
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The AFM is the licensing body for investment firms as referred to in the Financial Supervision [Wet financieel toezicht] Wft. To offer investment services in the Netherlands, registration is required. Investment firms must meet certain conditions, including the suitability and reliability of key personnel, ethical business conduct, and measures to protect clients’ rights.
Investment firms with Our registered office in countries other than Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, or Switzerland need to obtain a license in the Netherlands. An investment firm provides investment services or performs investment activities, such as receiving and transmitting orders, executing orders, advising on financial instruments, and more.
Setting up an investment firm in the Netherlands involves a detailed application process, including fitness and probity tests for board members and supervisory board members. The AFM charges an application fee, and the process typically takes around 6-9 months. The standard corporate income tax rate on income is 20% (for profits up to €200,000) / 25% (for profits in excess of €200,000).
Benefits of establishing an investment firm in the Netherlands include:
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As defined in Art. 41 FinIA, securities firms in Switzerland are dealers who, in a professional capacity, engage in various activities related to securities trading. These activities include trading in securities for Our clients’ accounts (client dealers), short-term trading of securities for Our own accounts, serving as members of trading venues, and maintaining firm bid and offer prices for specific securities (market makers). Additionally, persons involved in underwriting securities issued by third parties on a firm basis or against commission and offering them to the public on the primary market (issuing houses) require a license, as do those who create derivatives and offer them to the public on the primary market for Our own or third-party accounts (derivatives firms). There is also a distinction between account-holding and non-account-holding securities firms.
Features and Licensing Requirements:
Additional Requirements:
Tax Treatment:
Duration to Set Up: Approximately 6 months.
Distinctive Benefits:
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Malta’s Securitization Act (the “Act”) provides a legal framework for securitisation transactions that has been carefully designed to reflect both the specificities and wide variety of securitisation transactions brought to market. The Act provides statutory solutions and greater certainty of outcomes for many of the legal challenges that investors and credit rating agencies are typically concerned with, including true sale, bankruptcy remoteness and the privileges of securitisation creditors over the vehicle’s assets. The structural enhancements afforded to Maltese securitisation vehicles under the Act allow for competitive borrowing costs relative to any recognized issuer jurisdiction.
Maltese securitisation vehicles can be used to structure various forms of securitisation transactions, including synthetic risk transfer securitisation, and a wide variety of asset-classes can be securitized, including credit card receivables, trade receivables, lease/charter payments for aircraft and ships, insurance risk, and income/royalty streams from intellectual property assets such as copyright, patents, and trademarks, to name a few.
Tax Neutrality: Malta has specific rules on the tax treatment of securitisation vehicles that enable them to achieve tax neutrality in respect of the securitisation transactions for which the vehicles are established. These tax rules can be applied to eliminate tax leakage for securitisation vehicles established in Malta and to ensure that there is no Maltese tax liability for originators that are not Malta tax resident.
Tax Treaties: Malta has an extensive Double Tax Treaty network in place with more than 65 Treaties currently in place.
Interest Payments: No Maltese tax is payable on payments of interest by a securitisation vehicle to a holder of the vehicle’s securities that:
– is not resident in Malta;
– does not have a permanent establishment in Malta; and
– is not owned and controlled (directly or indirectly) by, or acts on behalf of, an individual who is ordinarily resident and domiciled in Malta.
Dividends: No Maltese tax is payable on the payment of dividends by a securitisation vehicle to its shareholders.
Transfers of Securities: No Maltese tax is payable on the transfer of any securities issued by a securitisation vehicle if the transferor is:
– not resident in Malta; and
– not owned and controlled (directly or indirectly) by, or acts on behalf of, an individual who is ordinarily resident and domiciled in Malta.
Stamp Duty: A securitisation vehicle established as a Maltese company qualifies for a stamp duty exemption where more than 90% of its business interests are situated outside Malta.
Absence of Regulatory Authorizations: Securitisation vehicles are specifically exempt from licensing or authorization requirements of any kind, irrespective of the kind of activities carried out by the vehicle, including where such activities would ordinarily require authorization (under the Investment Services Act or the Banking Act, for example).
Securitisation vehicles are merely required to notify the MFSA of Our intent to enter into one or more securitisation transactions. The only exception is for a securitisation vehicle that (unusually) issues financial instruments to the public on a continuous basis, which would require authorization by the MFSA prior to issuing financial instruments to the public. Securitisation vehicles also qualify as financial vehicle corporations pursuant to Regulation (EU) 1075/2013 of the European Central Bank, with attendant quarterly statistical reporting requirements to the Central Bank of Malta.
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